A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people, in two or more separate events over a period of time, for primarily psychological reasons. There are gaps of time between the killings, which may range from a few days to months, or many years. Gesche Gottfried Gottfried was a German serial killer who was the last person publicly executed in the city of Bremen. She killed 15 people using arsenic, probably between the years 1813 and 1827. She would mix the poison in with her victims’ food while caring for them as a nurse, reports New York Daily News.

What do Jack the Ripper, serial killers, terrorists, bumblebees, invasive algae, and great white sharks have in common?

Their home turfs can be pinpointed by a criminal investigative technique pioneered by Dr. Kim Rossmo, University Endowed Chair in Criminology and director of the Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation in the School of Criminal Justice.

While a police officer in Vancouver, Canada, Rossmo’s work toward a doctorate in criminology at Simon Fraser University resulted in a dissertation on a new methodology called geographic profiling. It uses locations of serial crimes to determine the area where the perpetrator lives and incorporates mapping software based on a computer algorithm to help detectives greatly narrow the list of suspects.

After he founded a geographic profiling section at the Vancouver Police Department, Rossmo used the methodology in 1998 to determine that a serial killer was behind cases of missing sex trade workers. A conviction followed in 2002.

He ended up getting several patents and developing analysis software that helped solve thousands of crimes around the world. High-profile cases Rossmo worked on include the Beltway Sniper, the Zodiac Killer, and the Golden State Killer.

“The last five years I was with the Vancouver Police Department, all I did was work on unsolved cases, probably a few hundred,” Rossmo says. “You don’t solve any case with geographic profiling. Detectives working on it solve it. Geographic profiling just provides a piece of the puzzle.”

The method can be applied to such serial criminals as rapists, arsonists, bombers, kidnappers, and burglars. Word spread of the successful application of geographic profiling. “People asked for help in this case and that case. People from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom wanted to have police officers trained,” Rossmo says. “Officers from China, South Africa, the Netherlands, Sweden, and other European countries have been trained in the methodology.

“It’s very satisfying to know that your work is not going to just sit on a library shelf. On the other hand, it creates a standard for yourself — you want to keep doing stuff that is useful.”

Rossmo joined Texas State University as a research professor in 2003, after serving as research director at the Police Foundation in Washington, D.C.

“We did a lot of research for the intelligence community and the military, especially when so much was going on in Iraq and Afghanistan,” he says. “Some of the military people deployed were in the Reserves and employed in law enforcement. They contacted me to help with IEDs (improvised explosive devices) and other attacks, and we ended up getting a number of grants.” Rossmo’s research money from a variety of U.S. and overseas sources totals $3.76 million.

Rossmo also supervises graduate students, including some who receive funds from working on the projects and use the research as the basis for publishing or their dissertations. His students have pursued careers in academia, law enforcement, and intelligence.

Consulted, interviewed, and appearing in numerous media and entertainment outlets, Rossmo’s credits include the film Zodiac, the television show “Numb3rs,” and a recent book, The Hunt for the 60s’ Ripper (Mirror Books, 2017), by London-based writer Robin Jarossi, about a serial killer in London with parallels to the Jack the Ripper. In 2014, Rossmo focused on the original Ripper, using data from original police investigations to pinpoint the street where the Ripper lived while terrorizing London in 1888.

Geographic profiling has also spread to zoology and biology when Rossmo was asked to investigate the hunting patterns of great white sharks off Africa, the foraging behavior of bats and bumblebees, invasive species of algae in the Mediterranean Sea, malaria breeding pools, and infectious diseases.

“It’s really exciting when you see your work applied in other disciplines,” he says. “It doesn’t happen that often in criminology.”

Rossmo’s dozens of awards and honors include the Western Society of Criminology’s 2018-2019 Paul Tappan Award. Much of his current research is focused on criminal investigative failures, including those that remain unsolved or result in wrongful convictions. While Rossmo does not know where geographic profiling will lead next, he has a clue.

“The latest thing I’ve heard is a query from scientists in Malta. They want to apply geographic profiling to crowdsourced reports of earthquakes and tremors,” he says. “Those reports come in quickly, faster than with sensors, and will provide real-time data for analysis.”

Then Rossmo can add seismology to his earthshaking list. ✪

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By/April 8, 2020 3:20 pm EDT/Updated: Feb. 17, 2021 6:30 pm EDT

In a world that tends to frown on murdering your fellow man, serial killers are often considered the worst of the worst. Yet, they're very, very real. It's borderline unbelievable that anyone would choose to kill people over and over again. It's even harder to believe that there are actually plenty of people like that out there: According to the Atlantic, the FBI believes that under one percent of all unsolved murders are the work of serial killers. Meanwhile, Thomas Hargrove of the Murder Accountability Project thinks that as of 2019, the U.S. alone had something like 2,100 unidentified serial killers running around. Author and former police detective Michael Arntfield thinks that the number could be as high as 4,000.

Obviously, we have no way to know for sure which of these undiscovered serial killers are most terrifying, because, well, they haven't been caught yet. Still, we definitely do know about some of them ... and what we know is pretty scary. Let's take a look at some of the most dangerous serial killers who are still out and about in 2020.

Pedro Alonzo Lopez may have killed over 300 people

When you're known as 'The Monster of the Andes,' you have a lot of monstrosity to live up to, and according to Biography, Pedro Alonzo Lopez is as terrifying as they come. The Colombian serial killer and diagnosed sociopath wandered around Peru and Ecuador, targeting young girls. While it's estimated that he may have killed over 300 people, he was ultimately convicted for 'just' 110 murders.

What is Lopez doing on this list if we already know who he was and he's already been caught? Well, they did indeed catch him in 1980, but seeing as this was in Ecuador, the country's laws only allowed a maximum prison sentence of 16 years. Out of these, he spent 14 years in a prison. In 1995, he was released for good behavior, and deported to his native Colombia, where he was declared insane and put in a psychiatric hospital. In early 1998, he was declared sane, which proved to be a bad move. Lopez promptly visited his elderly mother to demand his inheritance, and upon learning that she was poor, he sold her possessions (a chair and a bed) on the street. After that, he disappeared without a trace. No one knows where this terrifying man is today, though there is some concern that he may have had a hand in at least one murder since his vanishing act.

The mysterious smiley face drownings

Imagine a group that ruthlessly stalks young, inebriated victims, and kills them in a way that makes it very difficult to tell whether the death was accidental or not. As Rolling Stone reported in 2019, professor of criminal justice Lee Gilbertson and former NYPD detectives Kevin Gannon and Anthony Duarte think this terrifying scenario is a very real thing. Since 2008, they have posited a theory that some sort of gang or a group of 'domestic terrorists' is targeting young, white men with a college education, often after a night of drinking. They abduct them, murder them, and make the deaths look like accidental drownings. The only sign of their involvement is an ominous smiley face graffiti near the alleged crime scenes.

If you think it's more than possible a young guy with some alcohol in his blood stream might indeed drown accidentally, well, the FBI agrees with you. Then again, Gilbertson, Gannon, and Duarte say they've discovered that some of the over 40 victims they believe to have identified have been missing for weeks, yet their bodies only showed signs of hav

High Profile Serial Killer Cases